Kaimosi Friends University Repository
Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks
- Home
- →
- Research Papers
- →
- SCHOOL OF SCIENCE
- →
- View Item
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.
| dc.contributor.author | Nantongo, Mary Florence | |
| dc.contributor.author | Edebe, Joseph | |
| dc.contributor.author | Otachi, Elick O. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kipkemboi, Julius | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-06-06T07:37:32Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2024-06-06T07:37:32Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2024-03 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | American Public Health Association (APHA). (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22nd ed., p. 724). American Public Health Association, American Water and Water works Association and Water Environment Federation. Barasa, M., Mbaria, J., Muchem, G., Gakuya, F., Kariuki, E., & Wamiti, W. (2017). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals and water bird distribution in rift valley lakes, Kenya. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment, 9(3), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2017.0628 TA B L E 5 Heavy metal concentrations in muscle of Nile tilapia samples (n = 30) in comparison with FAO maximum permissible levels and EU and EAC fish and products quality standards (mg/kg) for food safety. Element Fish (mg/kg dw) FAO (mg/kg) EU EAC Previous studies Lake Naivasha Lakes Mburo and Victoria Arsenic 1.46 – – .1 .086g, .03h Cadmium ND .05 .05a .3 Chromium 7.01 .05 .05a – 1.05d 22.09e Lead 5.84 .2 .3c .3 3.22d .024f Mercury .15 .5 .5b .5 3.34d, .016g, <.01h .01i Abbreviations: (−), value not provided; FAO, Food and Agricultural Organization; East African Community (EAC, 2016); World Health Organization (WHO, 2003). aEuropean Union (EU, 2006). bEU (2011). cEU (2015). dMavura and Wangila (2003) for Tilapia graham. eNgesa et al. (2019). fOtachi et al. (2015) in O. leucostictus. gKoeman et al. (1972). hKairu (1999). iHollamby et al. (2004). Element Consumer Arsenic Chromium Lead Mercury THQ Males 26.53 13.95 10.00 8.17 Females 27.91 14.68 10.52 8.60 TA B L E 6 Target hazard quotients (THQs) for male and female human fish consumers for the four heavy metals detected in present study. 14401770, 2024, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lre.12452 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [06/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons LicenseNANTONGO et al. | 11 of 12 Berrow, M. L., & Mitchell, R. L. (1980). Location of trace elements in soil profiles: Total and extractable contents of individual horizons. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 71(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026359330 0013547 Blacksmith Institute. (2012). The World's worst pollution problems: Assessing health risks at hazardous waste sites. Blacksmith Institute https://www.worstpolluted.org/files/FileUpload/files/WWPP2 012.pdf Buchman, M. F. (2008). NOAA screening quick reference tables, NOAA OR and R report 08–1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Response and Restoration Division. Doyle, J., Solberg, T., Tiefenthaler, J., O'Brien, G., Behnke, H. F., Poulson, H. D., & Willett, S. D. (2003). Consensus-based sediment quality guidelines; recommendations for use and application interim guidance. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. EAC. (2016). Draft East African Standard DEAS 899: 2016. https:// members.wto.org/crnattachments/2016/TBT/UGA/16-3796_ 00_e.pdf EU. (2006). Commission regulation (EC) No 1881/2006: Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union. L 364/5 (2006). EU. (2011). Commission regulation (EC) No 420/2011 of 29 April 2011 amending regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union. L 111/3 (2011). EU. (2015). Commission regulation (EC) 2015/1005 of 25 June 2015 amending regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of lead in certain foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union. L 161/9 (2015). Hazrat, A., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 2019, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305 Hollamby, S., Afema-Azikuru, J., Sikarskie, J. G., Kaneene, J. B., Bowerman, W. W., Fitzgerald, S. D., & Rumbeiha, W. K. (2004). Mercury and persistent organic pollutant concentrations in African fish eagles, marabou storks, and Nile tilapia in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(3), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090- 3558-40.3.501 IAEA. (2003). Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements (p. 130). International Atomic Energy Agency technical document No. 1360. Iradukunda, P., Sang, J. K., Nyadawa, M. O., & Maina, C. W. (2020). Sedimentation effect on the storage capacity in Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Research in Engineering, 5(3), 149–158. Jirsa, F., Gruber, M., Stojanovic, A., Omondi, S. O., Mader, D., Körner, W., & Schagerl, M. (2013). Major and trace element geochemistry of Lake Bogoria and Lake Nakuru, Kenya, during extreme draught. Geochemistry, 73(3), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer. 2012.09.001 Junjiro, N., & Masahisa, N. (2005). Current status and challenges in managing the upper rural areas of world Lake basins: Preliminary implications from the GEF-project Lake briefs. In E. O. Odada, D. O. Olago, W. Washington, M. Ntiba, S. Wandiga, N. Gichuki, & H. Oyieke (Eds.), Proceedings, 11th world Lake conference (Vol. 1, pp. 40–47). ILEC. Kairu, J. K. (1994). Pesticide residues in birds at Lake Nakuru, Kenya. International Journal of Salt Lake Research, 3(1), 31–48. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF01990640 Kairu, J. K. (1999). Organochlorine pesticide and metal residues in a cichlid fish, tilapia, Sarotherodon (= tilapia) alcalicus grahami Boulenger from Lake Nakuru, Kenya. International Journal of Salt Lake Research, 8(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037417751 KEBS. (2014). Kenya Standard Potable water – Specification. KS EAS 12:2014, ICS 13.060.20. First Edition. Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. J., & Seo, Y. R. (2015). An overview of carcinogenic heavy metal: Molecular toxicity mechanism and prevention. Journal of Cancer Prevention, 20(4), 232–240. https://doi.org/10.15430/ JCP.2015.20.4.232 Kimbrough, D. E., Cohen, Y., Winer, A. M., Creelman, L., & Clayton Mabuni, C. (1999). A critical assessment of chromium in the environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 29(1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259164 Koeman, J. H., Pennings, J. H., De Goeij, J. J. M., Tjioe, P. S., Olindo, P. M., & Hopcraft, J. (1972). A preliminary survey of the possible contamination of Lake Nakuru in Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Journal of Applied Ecology, 9(2), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402441 Kubier, A., Wilkin, R. T., & Pichler, T. (2019). Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied Geochemistry, 108, 1–16. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104388 Kundu, R., Musa, S. M., Mulanda, A. C., & Lusweti, D. (2014). Ecotoxicological assessment of pollutants in Lake Victoria fishery, Kenya: Proof of fish consumption? https://www.oceandocs.org/ handle/1834/7345 Leichtfried, M., & Shivoga, W. A. (1995). The Njoro River-Lake Nakuru Ecotonal system in Kenya. Jahresbericht Biological Station, Lunz, 15, 67–77. Mavura, W. J., & Wangila, P. T. (2003). The pollution status of Lake Nakuru, Kenya: Heavy metals and pesticide residues, 1999/2000. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 28(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10. 2989/16085914.2003.9626594 Morin, G., & Calas, G. (2006). Arsenic in soils, mine tailings, and former industrial sites. Elements, 2(2), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.2113/ gselements.2.2.97 Munguti, J. M., Nairuti, R., Iteba, J. O., Obiero, K. O., Kyule, D., Opiyo, M. A., Abwao, J., Kirimi, J. G., Outa, N., Muthoka, M., Githukia, C. M., & Ogello, E. O. (2022). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) culture in Kenya: Emerging production technologies and socio-economic impacts on local livelihoods. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 2, 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.58 Murtala, B. A., Abdul, W. O., & Akinyemi, A. A. (2012). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish (Hydrocynus forskahlii, Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis and Clarias gariepinus) organs in downstream Ogun coastal water, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(11), 51–59. https:// doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n11p51 Ndetei, R., & Muhandiki, V. S. (2005). Mortalities of lesser flamingos in Kenyan Rift Valley saline lakes and the implications for sustainable management of the lakes. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 10(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770. 2005.00255.x Nelson, Y. M., Thampy, R. J., Motelin, G. K., Raini, J. A., DiSante, C. J., & Lion, L. W. (1998). Model for trace metal exposure in filterfeeding flamingos at alkaline Rift Valley Lake, Kenya. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 17(11), 2302– 2309. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620171122 NEMA. (2006). The Environmental Management and Coordination, (Water Quality) Regulations 2006. https://www.betacare.co.ke/ images/she%20policies/ Water%20Quality%20Regulations% 20ken84962.pdf Ngesa, E. A., Otachi, E. O., & Kitaka, N. K. (2019). Levels of heavy metals in the straightfin barb Enteromius paludinosus (Peters 1852) from river Malewa, Naivasha, Kenya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1066 1-019-7457-5 Njuguna, S. M., Yan, X., Gituru, R. W., Wang, Q., & Wang, J. (2017). Assessment of macrophyte, heavy metal, and nutrient concentrations in the water of the Nairobi River, Kenya. Environmental 14401770, 2024, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lre.12452 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [06/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License12 of 12 | NANTONGO et al. Monitoring and Assessment, 189(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10661-017-6159-0 Ochieng, E. Z., Lalah, J. O., & Wandiga, S. O. (2007). Analysis of heavy metals in water and surface sediment in five rift valley lakes in Kenya for assessment of recent increase in anthropogenic activities. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79(5), 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9286-4 Odada, E., Raini, J., & Ndetei, R. (2004). Experiences and lessons learned brief, Lake Nakuru. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/LakeNakuru%3A-experience-and-lessons-learned-brief-Odada-Raini/ 7e6ad81b8d594f78e5b7262b2d2b029e72f49767 Oduor, S. O., & Schagerl, M. (2007). Temporal trends of ion contents and nutrients in three Kenyan Rift Valley saline-alkaline lakes and their influence on phytoplankton biomass. Hydrobiologia, 584, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6399-2_6 Otachi, E. O., Körner, W., Avenant-Oldewage, A., Fellner-Frank, C., & Jirsa, F. (2014). Trace elements in sediments, blue spotted tilapia Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) and its parasite Contracaecum multipapillatum from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, including a comprehensive health risk analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(12), 7339–7349. Otachi, E. O., Plessl, C., Körner, W., Avenant-Oldewage, A., & Jirsa, F. (2015). Trace elements in water, sediments and the elongate tigerfish Hydrocynus forskahlii (Cuvier 1819) from Lake Turkana, Kenya including a comprehensive health risk analysis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 95(3), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1603-8 Pandey, V. C., & Singh, V. (2019). Exploring the potential and opportunities of current tools for removal of hazardous materials from environments. In Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites (pp. 501–516). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813912-7.00020-X PEGC (Pure Earth & Green Cross). (2016). World's worst pollution problems: the toxins beneath our feet. NY USA, Zurich Switzerland, 1–56. http://www.worstpolluted.org/2016-report.html Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R., & Hayton, A. (1993). Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Rai, P. K., Lee, S. S., Zhang, M., Tsang, Y. F., & Kim, K. H. (2019). Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125, 365–385. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.envint.2019.01.067 Raini, J. A. (2009). Impact of land use changes on water resources and biodiversity of Lake Nakuru catchment basin, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology, 47, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028. 2008.01048.x Reid, S. D. (2011). Molybdenum and chromium. In C. M. Wood, A. P. Farrell, & C. J. Brauner (Eds.), Homeostasis and toxicology of essential metals, 31 (pp. 375–415). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1546-5098(11)31008-4 Schagerl, M., Burian, A., Gruber-Dorninger, M., Oduor, S. O., & Kaggwa, M. N. (2015). Algal communities of Kenyan soda lakes with a special focus on Arthrospira fusiformis. Fottea Olomouc, 15(2), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2015.012 Talling, J. F., & Talling, I. B. (1965). The chemical composition of African lake waters. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 50, 421–463. Tenai, B. C., Mbaria, J. M., Muchemi, G. M., Jansen, R., Kotze, A., Naidoo, V., & Gitau, F. K. (2016). Assessment of heavy metals concentration in water, soil sediment and biological tissues of the lesser flamingos in four eastern rift valley lakes. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10(6), 162–166. Tibihika, P. D., Meimberg, H., & Curto, M. (2022). Understanding the translocation dynamics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its ecological consequences in East Africa. African Zoology, 57(4), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2022.2154169 Turekian, K. K., & Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72(2), 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606 USEPA. (2012). Mid-Atlantic Risk Assessment. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/risk/ human-health-risk-assessment USEPA. (2017). Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – User's Guide (November 2017). United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-usersguide-november-2017 Vareschi, E. (1982). The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). Abiotic Factors and Primary Production Oecologia (Berl.), 55(1), 81–101. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF00386722 WHO. (2003). Cadmium in drinking-water. Background document for preparation of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/80). WHO. (2010). Exposure to arsenic: A major public health concern. Agriculture, 5. World Health Organization. WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality (4th ed.). World Health Organization. Yabe, J., Ishizuka, M., & Umemura, T. (2010). Current levels of heavy metal pollution in Africa. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72(10), 1257–1263. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.10-0058 Yang, Y., Wei, L., Cui, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, J. (2017). Profiles and risk assessment of heavy metals in great Rift Lakes, Kenya. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 45(3), 1600825. How to cite this article: Nantongo, M. F., Edebe, J., Otachi, E. O., & Kipkemboi, J. (2024). Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 29, e12452. https://doi.org/10.1111/ lre.12452 14401770, 2024, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lre.12452 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [06/06/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://online | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://erepository.kafuco.ac.ke/123456789/233 | |
| dc.description.abstract | The present study presents selected water quality parameters and the levels of heavy metals in water, sediments and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of Lake Nakuru. Nine sediments and nine water samples, as well as 30 specimens of Nile tilapia, were collected from the northern part of the lake. Physical parameters were measured in situ using multiple probes and metres. Heavy metals were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity ranged from 9.52 to 9.72, 4.58 to 8.62 mg/L, 23.40°C to 25.7°C, 2.39‰ to 2.81‰ and 4470–5226 μs/cm, respectively. Heavy metal levels (mean ± SD) were generally low in the water samples. Chromium values ranged between 7.16 and 9.19 mg/kg dw in sediment samples, and between 3.7 and 13.06 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Lead values ranged between 12.5 and 31.04 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and 4.06 and 9.95 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Arsenic values ranged between 9.5 and 21.7 mg/kg dw in sediments and below detectable limit to 2.11 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Mercury values ranged between .14 and .31 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and .12 and .35 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Cadmium was the only heavy metal concentration that was below the detection limit in the three matrices. Significant differences were observed for some heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and fish across sites (p < .05). The levels of lead and chromium in fish were above the East African Standard, World Health Organization and European Union limits. The results of the present study recommend a possible reclassification of the lake, an immediate ban on fish harvesting and consumption from Lake Nakuru and a policy intervention on the fishery and pollution management. | en_US |
| dc.description.sponsorship | Orange Knowledge Program, the Netherlands (NUFFIC) | en_US |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | john Wiley | en_US |
| dc.subject | health risk assessment, heavy metal pollution, Lake Nakuru, limnological changes, Oreochromis niloticus | en_US |
| dc.title | Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks | en_US |
| dc.type | Preprint | en_US |
Files in this item
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
-
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE [30]